McEachern, Claire. (2007) "King John and the Norman Aristocracy," in Church (ed) 2007. Sometime before the events of the film, Richard ruled England as King. [37] Robin was often allocated the role of a May King, presiding over games and processions, but plays were also performed with the characters in the roles,[38] sometimes performed at church ales, a means by which churches raised funds. The original Robin Hood ballads, which originate from the fifteenth century, set events in the medieval forest of Barnsdale. Although both John and the barons agreed to the Magna Carta peace treaty in 1215, neither side complied with its conditions. Dobson and Taylor, pp. King John: Treachery and Tyranny in Medieval England: The Road to Magna Carta. English kings had widespread feudal rights which could be used to generate income, including the scutage system, in which feudal military service was avoided by a cash payment to the King. [84] Like previous kings, John managed a peripatetic court that travelled around the kingdom, dealing with both local and national matters as he went. The earliest surviving text of a Robin Hood ballad is the 15th-century "Robin Hood and the Monk". voiced by Peter Ustinov and 5 others. Birth of a legend. [116] In the Norman period, suffering the King's ill-will meant difficulties in obtaining grants, honours or petitions; Henry II had infamously expressed his fury and ill-will towards Thomas Becket, which ultimately resulted in Becket's death. [100] John continued to sell charters for new towns, including the planned town of Liverpool, and charters were sold for markets across the kingdom and in Gascony. Ritson's interpretation of Robin Hood was also influential, having influenced the modern concept of stealing from the rich and giving to the poor as it exists today. (2007) "Philip Augustus and King John: Personality and History," in Church (ed) 2007. Considering these references to Robin Hood, it is not surprising that the people of both South and West Yorkshire lay some claim to Robin Hood, who, if he existed, could easily have roamed between Nottingham, Lincoln, Doncaster and right into West Yorkshire. [108] Perhaps not coincidentally, a "Robertus Hod" is mentioned in records among the holdouts at Ely. [2] Nonetheless, modern historians agree that he also had many faults as king, including what historian Ralph Turner describes as "distasteful, even dangerous personality traits", such as pettiness, spitefulness, and cruelty. The Cambridge History of Early Modern English Literature. Art. However, the Gest was reprinted from time to time throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. Angoulême and Limoges were strategically located counties that had traditionally exercised a high degree of autonomy. Prince John. Ireland had only recently been conquered by Anglo-Norman forces, and tensions were still rife between Henry II, the new settlers and the existing inhabitants. Robin Hood has also been claimed for the pagan witch-cult supposed by Margaret Murray to have existed in medieval Europe, and his anti-clericalism and Marianism interpreted in this light. Most of what people know today about King John of England comes either from the legends of Robin Hood or John’s barons forcing him to sign the Magna Carta. (2003). He was abroad most of his life and was only in England about a year or a little more in his short and glorious life. Little John is a companion of Robin Hood who serves as his chief lieutenant and second-in-command of the Merry Men. De Roches was a powerful Anjou noble, but John largely ignored him, causing considerable offence, whilst the King kept the rebel leaders in such bad conditions that twenty-two of them died. At least eight plausible origins to the story have been mooted by historians and folklorists, including suggestions that "Robin Hood" was a stock alias used by or in reference to bandits. The early compilation, A Gest of Robyn Hode, names the king as 'Edward'; and while it does show Robin Hood accepting the King's pardon, he later repudiates it and returns to the greenwood. As it happens the next traveller is not poor, but it seems in context that Robin Hood is stating a general policy. [139] To achieve this, John reformed the English feudal contribution to his campaigns, creating a more flexible system under which only one knight in ten would actually be mobilised, but would be financially supported by the other nine; knights would serve for an indefinite period. [204] Despite his promises to the contrary, John appealed to Innocent for help, observing that the charter compromised the Pope's rights under the 1213 agreement that had appointed him John's feudal lord. The question is, is this medieval adventure story based in reality? [103], The earliest known legal records mentioning a person called Robin Hood (Robert Hod) are from 1226, found in the York Assizes, when that person's goods, worth 32 shillings and 6 pence, were confiscated and he became an outlaw. [89] John increased the professionalism of local sergeants and bailiffs, and extended the system of coroners first introduced by Hubert Walter in 1194, creating a new class of borough coroners. Dobson and Taylor (1997), "Rhymes of Robin Hood", p. 47. [37] although Dobson and Taylor regard it as 'highly probable' that this French Robin's name and functions travelled to the English May Games where they fused with the Robin Hood legend. In " We Are Robin Hood! [32] Henry died shortly afterwards. Robin was ill and staying at the Priory where the Prioress was supposedly caring for him. Dobson and Taylor (1997), "Rhymes of Robin Hood", pp. This is just the kind of story that people love to hear. [32] John initially remained loyal to his father, but changed sides once it appeared that Richard would win. [138] Ideally, this plan would benefit from the opening of a second front on Philip's eastern frontiers with Flanders and Boulogne – effectively a re-creation of Richard's old strategy of applying pressure from Germany. Bevington, David. Medieval chroniclers provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. [212] John took back Alexander's possessions in northern England in a rapid campaign and pushed up towards Edinburgh over a ten-day period. Here is a little story that is told in one of those songs:--. [136] Professor Dobson and Mr. Taylor indicate that such evidence of continuity makes it virtually certain that the Saylis that was so well known to Robin Hood is preserved today as "Sayles Plantation". [138] A Gest of Robyn Hode states that the outlaw built a chapel in Barnsdale that he dedicated to Mary Magdalene: Davis indicates that there is only one church dedicated to Mary Magdalene within what one might reasonably consider to have been the medieval forest of Barnsdale, and that is the church at Campsall. [54] It was difficult for a commander to advance far into fresh territory without having secured his lines of communication by capturing these fortifications, which slowed the progress of any attack. [55], Fixing the Robin Hood story to the 1190s had been first proposed by John Major in his Historia Majoris Britanniæ (1521), (and he also may have been influenced in so doing by the story of Warin);[51] this was the period in which King Richard was absent from the country, fighting in the Third Crusade.[56]. A Short Historical Introduction to the Law of Real Property. [249], Most historians today, including John's recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren, argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch, but note that his failings were exaggerated by 12th- and 13th-century chroniclers. [144] John used some of this money to pay for new alliances on Philip's eastern frontiers, where the growth in Capetian power was beginning to concern France's neighbours. [199] John's efforts to appear moderate and conciliatory had been largely successful, but once the rebels held London they attracted a fresh wave of defectors from John's royalist faction. They encounter the dying Sir Robert Loxley (Douglas Hodge), whose party was ambushed by treacherous Godfrey (Mark Strong), who hopes to facilitate a … [154], Some ballads, such as Erlinton, feature Robin Hood in some variants, where the folk hero appears to be added to a ballad pre-existing him and in which he does not fit very well. David Carpenter provides an accessible summary of Power's argument on the collapse of Normandy. Revisionist histories written by John Foxe, William Tyndale and Robert Barnes portrayed John as an early Protestant hero, and Foxe included the King in his Book of Martyrs. The petition cites one Piers Venables of Aston, Derbyshire,[a] "who having no liflode, ne sufficeante of goodes, gadered and assembled unto him many misdoers, beynge of his clothynge, and, in manere of insurrection, wente into the wodes in that countrie, like as it hadde be Robyn Hude and his meyne. [145] John hoped to exploit this advantage by invading himself late in 1213, but baronial discontent again delayed his invasion plans until early 1214, in what was his final Continental campaign. King John. When his enemies do not fall for this ruse, he persuades them to drink with him instead (see Robin Hood's Delight). Storyline. According to legend, he was a highly skilled archer and swordsman. [74] John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conception, but overly complex for forces of the period to have carried out successfully. [69] John's financial situation was tenuous: once factors such as the comparative military costs of materiel and soldiers were taken into account, Philip enjoyed a considerable, although not overwhelming, advantage of resources over John. [84], In 1953, during the McCarthy era, a Republican member of the Indiana Textbook Commission called for a ban of Robin Hood from all Indiana school books for promoting communism because he stole from the rich to give to the poor. [118][119] It was once a popular view, however. [184] Many of John's military household joined the rebels, particularly amongst those that John had appointed to administrative roles across England; their local links and loyalties outweighed their personal loyalty to John. He first appeared in a 17th-century broadside ballad, and unlike many of the characters thus associated, managed to adhere to the legend. The theatres would reopen with the Restoration in 1660. Fulk III was brought up at the court of King Henry II, most likely as a noble page. Dobson and Taylor (1997), "Rhymes of Robyn Hood", p. 215. [109], John's royal household was based around several groups of followers. [148] The overall picture from the surviving early ballads and other early references[149] indicate that Robin Hood was based in the Barnsdale area of what is now South Yorkshire, which borders Nottinghamshire. With Russell Crowe, Cate Blanchett, Matthew Macfadyen, Max von Sydow. [187] The failure of John's French military campaign in 1214 was probably the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king; James Holt describes the path to civil war as "direct, short and unavoidable" following the defeat at Bouvines. The tale of Robin Hood is one of the most enduring legends of all time. Encyclopedia of Adventure Fiction: the Essential Reference to the Great Works and Writers of Adventure Fiction. [36], By the early 15th century at the latest, Robin Hood had become associated with May Day celebrations, with revellers dressing as Robin or as members of his band for the festivities. [196] In the meantime, John began to recruit fresh mercenary forces from Poitou, although some were later sent back to avoid giving the impression that John was escalating the conflict. [128] Vincent concluded that the marriage was not a particularly "amicable" one. [1] He became Henry's favourite child following the failed revolt of 1173–74 by his brothers Henry the Young King, Richard, and Geoffrey against the King. Mercia, to which Nottingham belonged, came to within three miles of Sheffield City Centre. [18] John would become a "connoisseur of jewels", building up a large collection, and became famous for his opulent clothes and also, according to French chroniclers, for his fondness for bad wine. Was he a … This page was last edited on 30 March 2021, at 21:38. [31] Richard and Philip fought a joint campaign against Henry, and by the summer of 1189 the king made peace, promising Richard the succession. After his identity was discovered he granted pardons to Robin and his Merry Men and in some tales attended, officiated or ordered Robin and Marian's wedding and hired Robin and his Merry Men. Many outlaws could have been created by the refusal to recognise Norman Forest Law. [167] Innocent set a commission in place to try to convince John to change his mind, but to no avail. Although some chroniclers felt that John had been humiliated by the sequence of events, there was little public reaction. A number of such theories are mentioned at. A tradition dating back at least to the end of the 16th century gives Robin Hood's birthplace as Loxley, Sheffield, in South Yorkshire. [24] Henry II triumphed over the coalition of his sons, but was generous to them in the peace settlement agreed at Montlouis. voiced by Phil Harris and 5 others. [95] The Angevin kings had three main sources of income available to them, namely revenue from their personal lands, or demesne; money raised through their rights as a feudal lord; and revenue from taxation. [37] Mandeville immediately died, and Longchamp took over as joint justiciar with Puiset, which would prove a less than satisfactory partnership. [105] The resulting social pressures were complicated by bursts of deflation that resulted from John's military campaigns. [29] The uncertainty about what would happen after Henry's death continued to grow; Richard was keen to join a new crusade and remained concerned that whilst he was away Henry would appoint John his formal successor. "[72][nb 7] Rumours of the manner of Arthur's death further reduced support for John across the region. His chronicle entry reads: Specific sites in the county of Nottinghamshire that are directly linked to the Robin Hood legend include Robin Hood's Well, located near Newstead Abbey (within the boundaries of Sherwood Forest), the Church of St. Mary in the village of Edwinstowe and most famously of all, the Major Oak also located at the village of Edwinstowe. [104], At the start of John's reign there was a sudden change in prices, as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals. [126][nb 15] Even by the standards of the time, she was married whilst very young. An Illustrated History of Late Medieval England. (2007) "Historians without Hindsight: Coggshall, Diceto and Howden on the Early Years of John's Reign," in Church (ed) 2007. [229], John's first wife, Isabella, Countess of Gloucester, was released from imprisonment in 1214; she remarried twice, and died in 1217. Downfall. He thought that Robin was of aristocratic extraction, with at least 'some pretension' to the title of Earl of Huntingdon, that he was born in an unlocated Nottinghamshire village of Locksley and that his original name was Robert Fitzooth. Dobson and Taylor, "Rhymes of Robyn Hood", p. 209. Much like Robin Hood’s comment on the greed of King John, it warns of the dangers that come from taking from the poor for personal gain and power. [85], In the 1973 animated Disney film, Robin Hood, the title character is portrayed as an anthropomorphic fox voiced by Brian Bedford. [109], Although de Ville does not explicitly connect John and Robert Deyville to Robin Hood, he discusses these parallels in detail and suggests that they formed prototypes for this ideal of heroic outlawry during the tumultuous reign of Henry III's grandson and Edward I's son, Edward II of England. [50], In 1598, Anthony Munday wrote a pair of plays on the Robin Hood legend, The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington (published 1601). Lyrics from Robin Hood [Little John:] Oh, the world will sing of an English King A thousand years from now And not because he passed some laws Or had that lofty brow While bonny good King Richard leads The great crusade he's on We'll all have to slave away For that good-for-nothin' John Incredible as he is inept Whenever the history books are kept [175] The rules on burials and lay access to churches appear to have been steadily circumvented, at least unofficially. [128], Nottinghamshire's claim to Robin Hood's heritage is disputed, with Yorkists staking a claim to the outlaw. King John’s Palace is also part of the Robin Hood Way walking trail, a whopping 105-mile walk from Nottingham Castle to Southwell Minster. It is about half finished and his death in 1637 may have interrupted writing. 128–130, cited Gillingham (2007), p. 1. John began to explore an alliance with King Philip II of France, freshly returned from the crusade. [19] It is commonly stated as fact that Maid Marian and a jolly friar (at least partly identifiable with Friar Tuck) entered the legend through the May Games.[20]. An acre of landholding is listed within a glebe terrier of 1688 relating to Kirk Smeaton, which later came to be called "Sailes Close". [213] Louis' planned arrival in England presented a significant problem for John, as the prince would bring with him naval vessels and siege engines essential to the rebel cause. Historian Oscar de Ville discusses the career of John Deyville and his brother Robert, along with their kinsmen Jocelin and Adam, during the Second Barons' War, specifically their activities after the Battle of Evesham. [164] The chapter secretly elected Reginald and he travelled to Rome to be confirmed; the bishops challenged the appointment and the matter was taken before Innocent. (2007) "King John and the Empire," in Church (ed) 2007. [133] Wentbridge is mentioned in an early Robin Hood ballad, entitled, Robin Hood and the Potter, which reads, "Y mete hem bot at Went breg,' syde Lyttyl John". The early ballads link Robin Hood to identifiable real places. Robin Hood’s Garland (c.1790) Usually, most Robin Hood stories involve Prince John attempting to seize the throne of England from his brother, Richard I, with Robin, of course, playing a part in trying to stop him. [35] In return, John promised not to visit England for the next three years, thereby in theory giving Richard adequate time to conduct a successful crusade and return from the Levant without fear of John seizing power. [49] Richard appears to have started to recognise John as his heir presumptive in the final years before his death, but the matter was not clear-cut and medieval law gave little guidance as to how the competing claims should be decided. [81] There was as yet no model for what should happen if a king refused to do so. [101][nb 11] The King introduced new taxes and extended existing ones. The Robin Hood games are known to have flourished in the later 15th and 16th centuries. He is the eldest son of King Henry and Queen Eleanor, and the elder-brother of Prince John. (eds) (2002), Maley, Willy. Both men were skilled at archery and from the roof of the Monastery they both shot an arrow. [53] Henry VIII himself with eleven of his nobles had impersonated "Robyn Hodes men" as part of his "Maying" in 1510. [174] Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards, and late in 1212 the Holy Viaticum for the dying was authorised. The first clear reference to "rhymes of Robin Hood" is from the alliterative poem Piers Plowman, thought to have been composed in the 1370s, followed shortly afterwards by a quotation of a later common proverb,[1] "many men speak of Robin Hood and never shot his bow",[2] in Friar Daw's Reply (c.1402)[3] and a complaint in Dives and Pauper (1405-1410) that people would rather listen to "tales and songs of Robin Hood" than attend Mass. [74] John successfully devastated much of Brittany, but did not deflect Philip's main thrust into the east of Normandy. [70][nb 6], Further desertions of John's local allies at the beginning of 1203 steadily reduced his freedom to manoeuvre in the region. [166], John was incensed about what he perceived as an abrogation of his customary right as monarch to influence the election. But even if Robert of Wetherby/Robert Hod was Robin Hood, why was King Henry’s government so obsessed with hunting him down and displaying his corpse. Red Gill was among the most well-known member and the finest archer to serve the greedy Prince until he was killed by Robin Hood for killing his father, who defied the Prince's new Sheriff of Nottingham. Nonetheless, the treaty did offer Arthur certain protections as John's vassal. They formed a key route for communications between Anjou and Gascony. [221] Modern historians assert that by October 1216 John faced a "stalemate", "a military situation uncompromised by defeat". [180] Innocent benefited from the resolution of his long-standing English problem, but John probably gained more, as Innocent became a firm supporter of John for the rest of his reign, backing him in both domestic and continental policy issues. A great many songs were made up about Robin Hood, and these songs were sung in the cottages and huts all over the land for hundreds of years after-ward. [211] Louis and the rebel barons advanced west and John retreated, spending the summer reorganising his defences across the rest of the kingdom. [132] At the northernmost edge of the forest of Barnsdale, in the heart of the Went Valley, resides the village of Wentbridge. [91] Seen more critically, John may have been motivated by the potential of the royal legal process to raise fees, rather than a desire to deliver simple justice; his legal system also applied only to free men, rather than to all of the population. [194] John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. First appearing in the 14th century, these stories of the famous outlaw usually take place during the reign of King Richard when he was absent from England, and John ruled as regent. Passage quoted and commented on in Stephen Knights. [5] The territories of Henry and Eleanor formed the Angevin Empire, named after Henry's paternal title as Count of Anjou and, more specifically, its seat in Angers. [64] When John still refused to come, Philip declared John in breach of his feudal responsibilities, reassigned all of John's lands that fell under the French crown to Arthur – with the exception of Normandy, which he took back for himself – and began a fresh war against John. In these early accounts, Robin Hood's partisanship of the lower classes, his devotion to the Virgin Mary and associated special regard for women, his outstanding skill as an archer, his anti-clericalism, and his particular animosity towards the Sheriff of Nottingham are already clear. [47] There is also an early playtext appended to a 1560 printed edition of the Gest. Ritson gave the date of Robin Hood's death as 18 November 1247, when he would have been around 87 years old. L.V.D. The character of Robin in these first texts is rougher edged than in his later incarnations. [168], John treated the interdict as "the equivalent of a papal declaration of war". [35] Other scholars have by contrast stressed the subversive aspects of the legend, and see in the medieval Robin Hood ballads a plebeian literature hostile to the feudal order. [82] Pyle's version firmly stamp Robin as a staunch philanthropist, a man who takes from the rich to give to the poor. Robert Hod of York is the only early Robin Hood known to have been an outlaw. The Gest states that the Prioress was a relative of Robin's. [113] These men included soldiers who would become infamous in England for their uncivilised behaviour, including Falkes de Breauté, Geard d'Athies, Engelard de Cigongé, and Philip Marc. He seems to have had a love/hate relationship with his deceased mother Eleanor of Aquitaine, who he claims favored Richard over him but cries out in agony whenever he insults her memory.After his brother King Richard is brainwashed, thanks to Sir Hiss, into going on a crusade, assumes the crown and becomes some… [143] This is consistent with the view that Robin Hood operated in the Went Valley, located three miles to the southeast of the town of Pontefract. The 1642 London theatre closure by the Puritans interrupted the portrayal of Robin Hood on the stage. Bewick, et al. They hatch a plan to trap Robin Hood during a competition to win a golden arrow, to be held at Nottingham castle. They commented on the paucity of John's charitable donations to the Church. Robin Hood Hill is near Outwood, West Yorkshire, not far from Lofthouse. [211] Both operations were successful and the majority of the remaining rebels were pinned down in London. [111] Being a member of these inner circles brought huge advantages, as it was easier to gain favours from the King, file lawsuits, marry a wealthy heiress or have one's debts remitted. [74] Opinions vary amongst historians as to the military skill shown by John during this campaign, with most recent historians arguing that his performance was passable, although not impressive. They share many common features, often opening with praise of the greenwood and relying heavily on disguise as a plot device, but include a wide variation in tone and plot. He was portrayed by Richard Lewis. [91] The "mythological theory" dates back at least to 1584, when Reginald Scot identified Robin Hood with the Germanic goblin "Hudgin" or Hodekin and associated him with Robin Goodfellow. [135] The historian Lewis Warren has argued that the chronicler accounts were subject to considerable bias and the King was "at least conventionally devout", citing his pilgrimages and interest in religious scripture and commentaries. [42] This play is distinct from the English legends. A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Volume 1. [147] The fact that the earliest Robin Hood type place-names originated in West Yorkshire is deemed to be historically significant because, generally, place-name evidence originates from the locality where legends begin. [67] John became aware in July that Arthur's forces were threatening his mother, Eleanor, at Mirebeau Castle. [64] John was unwilling to weaken his authority in western France in this way. Their social status, as yeomen, is shown by their weapons: they use swords rather than quarterstaffs. [71], In his preface to the collection, Ritson assembled an account of Robin Hood's life from the various sources available to him, and concluded that Robin Hood was born in around 1160, and thus had been active in the reign of Richard I. [82], John inherited a sophisticated system of administration in England, with a range of royal agents answering to the Royal Household: the Chancery kept written records and communications; the Treasury and the Exchequer dealt with income and expenditure respectively; and various judges were deployed to deliver justice around the kingdom. In the novel Ivanhoe, King Richard dons the disguise of the Black Knight in order to help Sir Wilfred of Ivanhoe and Locksley (Robin Hood). [26] With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard was to be made King of England, albeit without any actual power until the death of his father; Geoffrey would retain Brittany; and John would now become the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard. [104][105] There is no evidence however that this Robert Hood, although an outlaw, was also a bandit.[106]. Duffy, Sean. He launched his new fleet to attack the French at the harbour of Damme. In Robin Hood's Golden Prize, Robin disguises himself as a friar and cheats two priests out of their cash. Interpretations of his character have ranged from the cruel Prince John of the Robin Hood tradition to the complex but weak-willed sovereign in Shakespeare’s Life and Death of King John.Depictions have rarely been flattering. From east to west the forest extended about five miles, from Askern on the east to Badsworth in the west. [23] Henry II began to find more lands for John, mostly at various nobles' expense. [159] A major royal expedition to enforce these agreements occurred in 1211, after Llywelyn attempted to exploit the instability caused by the removal of William de Braose, through the Welsh uprising of 1211. Two other key outlaws, Fulk fitzWarin … Curren-Aquino (1989a), p. 19; McEachern, p. 329; Bevington, p. 454. collapse of his empire in northern France, List of nobles and magnates of England in the 13th century, Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester, The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington.

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